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World Bank case studies edited by Paul Collier and Nicholas Sambanis (2005), testing an economic model of why civil wars begin; the Africa volume covers countries such as Burundi, Congo, Nigeria, Kenya, Mozambique and Sudan. Which volume this copy is still needs checking.
According to World Bank figures (World Development Indicators, as checked for the CCAF Origins Atlas in October 2026), Algeria is Africa’s largest country by surface area, about 2.38 million square kilometres, closely followed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan. Nigeria is the most populous, with about 238 million people in 2025, followed by Ethiopia and Egypt. Population figures are estimates and change every year.
Timbuktu, in present-day Mali at the edge of the Sahara, was an intellectual and spiritual capital in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Sankore university and many Qur’anic schools. It was also a market where salt, gold, cattle, grain and manuscripts were traded. Its three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahia, recall this golden age. UNESCO notes that the monuments, though regularly restored, are threatened by desertification.
The land between the Nile and Atbara rivers in present-day Sudan was the heartland of the Kingdom of Kush, a major power from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. Its rulers governed Egypt for close to a century. From the 3rd century BCE, Meroë was the royal city and the main royal burial place, with pyramids, temples, palaces and water-management works. Kush exchanged art, architecture, religion and language with the Mediterranean world and inner Africa.
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